CTF Inventory
Hello CTFers. Here is an inventory for people actively competing in CTFs. This should cover almost all main domains of CTFs and some extras. It’s been a wild journey of competing in CTFs for the past 8 months, and it’s been one of the most exciting endeavors of my life. Being able to lead H7Tex, meeting super amazing people, travelling the country, sleepless nights, post-CTF drama, constantly getting humbled and all of that. I truly believe getting involved with CTFs is the the best way to learn and excel in Cyber-Security. I hope this will become a strong-hold for people looking to get themselves equipped with the CTF world. Peace.
Reverse Engineering
Download Detect It Easy - MajorGeeks
To check binary security settings:
checksec —file <filename>
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┌──(kali㉿kali)-[~/Downloads/rev_packedaway]
└─$ upx -d packed
Ultimate Packer for eXecutables
Copyright (C) 1996 - 2024
UPX 4.2.2 Markus Oberhumer, Laszlo Molnar & John Reiser Jan 3rd 2024
File size Ratio Format Name
-------------------- ------ ----------- -----------
22867 <- 8848 38.69% linux/amd64 packed
Unpacked 1 file.
IDA pro / Ghidra
Functions to convert UTF-8(Unicode) to it’s code point and vise-versa
The ord() function in Python returns the Unicode code point of a single character.
For example:
ord('A')returns 65, which is the Unicode code point for the character ‘A’.ord('汉')returns 27721, which is the Unicode code point for the Chinese character ‘汉’.
In the context of the provided code, ord() is used to obtain the Unicode code point of each character in the encoded string. This code point is then used in the transformation process to derive the original flag.
To reverse the ord() function and obtain the character corresponding to a Unicode code point, you can use the chr() function. Here’s how you can do it:
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# Unicode code point
code_point = 27721
# Reverse the Unicode code point to obtain the character
character = chr(code_point)
# Print the character
print(character) # This will print '汉'
The chr() function takes a Unicode code point as input and returns the corresponding character. In this example, chr(27721) returns the character ‘汉’.
PicoCTF Reverse Engineering PDF:
Radare2
OllyDbg
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exiftool
readelf -s <executable>
strings
objdump -d
stegseek
binwalk -e
nc
ltrace / strace
readelf -a <file_name>
ida
gdb
apt-cache search <file_name>
nc
rot13
install bsdgames
zsteg
steghide
hexdump -C
mysqlbinlog
xxd
grep
ssh -X POST <hash> | grep -i <flagFormat>
man exiv2 | cat | xclip -selection clipboard
Cryptography
Here’s a brief reminder on how to create a python virtual environment, I started using this because the amount of dependencies that I installed started to break each other.
create the virtual environment:
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Copy code python3 -m venv neuralActivate the virtual environment:
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source neural/bin/activate
Here’s a article on BSD sockets:
The BSD socket interface, or Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) sockets, is
a collection of standard function calls that allow programmers to add internet communication to their products. BSD sockets are a client/server architecture that uses TCP to allow a host to listen for incoming connection requests. The sockets interface handles internetworking protocols, so users only need to understand the protocols that tell them how to interpret the data.
BSD sockets are often used for network communication because they provide a well-defined API for exchanging data over the network. They typically rely on TCP and UDP socket communication.
Here are some types of sockets:
- Datagram sockets: Allow processes to use the User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
- Stream sockets: Allow processes to use the Transfer Control Protocol (TCP) for communication
- Raw sockets: Provide user access to the Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)
The socket interface in C provides a mechanism for setting up a communication channel to another host system. For both clients and servers, the initial function call is the same. Processes call socket() to request a new socket instance from the OS.
FreeBSD offers several functions for working with sockets. The socket function is used by both clients and servers. It is declared as: int socket(int domain, int type, int protocol); The return value is an integer.
The getsockopt() function retrieves the current value of a particular socket option for the specified socket. The setsockopt() function sets a particular socket option for the specified socket. Berkeley sockets can operate in one of two modes: blocking or non-blocking.
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import socket
HOST = 'betta.utctf.live'
PORT = 7356
with socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM) as s:
s.connect((HOST, PORT))
print(s.recv(1024).decode())
s.sendall(b'1\n')
response = s.recv(1024).decode()
encrypted_flag_hex = response.split(": ")[1].strip()
encrypted_flag_bytes = hex_to_bytes(encrypted_flag_hex
CrackStation - Online Password Hash Cracking - MD5, SHA1, Linux, Rainbow Tables, etc.
mcrypt
Malbolge - Old Programming Language
Cool articles on Cryptography:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSA_(cryptosystem)
Cryptography&NetworkSecurity-WilliamStallings
Binary Exploitation
PicoCTF Binary-Exploitation PDF:
Book-5-Pico-Binary-Exploitation.pdf
GNU Debugger
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$ apt-get update
$ apt-get install python3 python3-pip python3-dev git libssl-dev libffi-dev build-essential
$ python3 -m pip install --upgrade pip
$ python3 -m pip install --upgrade pwntools
Checkout more about Pwning at:
Steganography
John the Ripper password cracker
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└─$ deepsound2john beep.wav > sound.txt
└─$ john -w=/usr/share/wordlists/rockyou.txt sound.txt
Using default input encoding: UTF-8
Loaded 1 password hash (dynamic_1529 [sha1($p null_padded_to_len_32) (DeepSound) 128/128 AVX 4x1])
Warning: no OpenMP support for this hash type, consider --fork=2
Press 'q' or Ctrl-C to abort, almost any other key for status
letmein (beep.wav)
1g 0:00:00:00 DONE (2024-04-20 15:18) 100.0g/s 168000p/s 168000c/s 168000C/s 123456..kenny
Use the "--show --format=dynamic_1529" options to display all of the cracked passwords reliably
Session completed.
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└─$ stegolsb wavsteg -r -i challenge.wav -o output.txt -n 2 -b 10000
Files read in 0.05s
Recovered 10000 bytes in 0.00s
Written output file in 0.01s
└─$ cat output.txt
NexusCTF{Th3_Le4st_S1Gn1f!c4n7_B1t55_1n_A_W4v_f1L3_6fe20da1bc9} ���<�
pngcheck -7cpqstvx osint1.png
sonic visualizer / Audacity
steghide extract -sf <filename>.jpg
stegseek <filename>.jpg <wordlist>.txt
curl / less
HexEd.it - Browser-based Online and Offline Hex Editing
Steganography - A list of useful tools and resources
StegoSuite
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exiv2 -M"set Exif.Image.DateTime Ascii 1965:01:25 15:45:00"
exiv2 -M “set exif.Image.DateTime Ascii 1970:01:01 00:00:00.001”
Processing JPEG photos online - IMG online
qsstv - Qt based slow scan television and fax
Open Source Intelligence
Wayback Machine
https://github.com/sherlock-project/sherlock
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└─$ pipx install sherlock-project
installed package sherlock-project 0.15.0, installed using Python 3.11.9
These apps are now globally available
- sherlock
done! ✨ 🌟 ✨
Web Check - X-Ray Vision for any Website
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sudo apt install maltego
| [maltego | Kali Linux Tools](https://www.kali.org/tools/maltego/) |
URL and website scanner - urlscan.io
DNSdumpster.com - dns recon and research, find and lookup dns records
| [28 Online Vulnerability Scanners & Network Tools | HackerTarget.com](https://hackertarget.com/) |
Epieos, the ultimate OSINT tool
Reverse Image Lookup:
Web Exploitation
Bruteforcing Tools:
GoBuster
FFUF
dirb
Enumeration:
nikto
nmap
burp-suite
Baby web challenges:
/robots.txt
check source/inspect
JWT
LFI
SQLi
curl with headers including TRACE
Miscellaneous
FileInfo.com - The File Format Database
Online Tools to crack CTF Contest!
This is also the category where the some of the flags might be hidden Discord or with some Bot. It’s a nightmare for people getting started in CTFs, cause it was the same for me LOL. Here is a cheat-sheet on how you’ll tackle Discord flags. Trust me, some flags were just absurd.
https://bi0sctf{h1dd3n_1n_pl41n_s1ght}:hehe@ctf.bi0s.in/
Check #announcements channel, it usually is put there or in other channels. It could be hidden in the channels description, pinned messages, random message at the start, at one of the admins user cards.
Here is a Discord bot challenge from Metared-CTF Argentina.
when the bot says it’s somewhere over here, it meant literally. Copy the message with Discord’s copy text option, now paste it in a text editor.
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I'm not sure, but I think it's here
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Use the ctf fl-ag format: d1sc0rDTr1cKs
Digital Forensics
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abura@Abdur-PC MINGW64 /c/Documents3/CyberSec/CTF/cybercollosiumCTF/forensics/space
$ sstv -d task.wav -o result.png
[sstv] Searching for calibration header... Found!
[sstv] Detected SSTV mode Robot 36
[sstv] Decoding image... [#########################################] 100%
[sstv] Drawing image data...
[sstv] ...Done!
tshark
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└─$ tshark -Y "icmp.ident == 0 && icmp.type == 8" -T fields -e data.data -r Echos\ Parody.pcap | awk '{ printf "%s", $1 }'
546d563464584e4456455a37517a427362444e6a6446395561444e74587a52736243456866513d3d
└─$ echo "546d563464584e4456455a37517a427362444e6a6446395561444e74587a52736243456866513d3d" | xxd -r -p
TmV4dXNDVEZ7QzBsbDNjdF9UaDNtXzRsbCEhfQ==
└─$ echo "TmV4dXNDVEZ7QzBsbDNjdF9UaDNtXzRsbCEhfQ==" | base64 -d
NexusCTF{C0ll3ct_Th3m_4ll!!}
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tshark -r ./okay10.pcapng -Y 'usb.src=="1.2.1"' -T fields -e usbhid.data | sed 's/../:&/g2' > clicks
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Audio Anomaly
This anomaly turned out to be Morse code, though barely audible. To make the Morse code clearer, we utilized Audacity’s “Analyze > Plot Spectrum” function, revealing a concentration of beeps around 500 Hz.
Spectrum Analysis
To make the Morse code more discernible, we adjusted the audio frequencies using Audacity’s “Effect > EQ and Filters > Filter Curve EQ” feature, boosting frequencies around 500 Hz while suppressing others.
EQ Adjustment
With the Morse code now clearer, we visually represented it using red dots and dashes in free graphics software.
Autopsy Forensics tool
pdfimages
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7z2john protected_2.7z > hash.txt
mysqlbinlog
DLL:
A dynamic-link library is a shared library in the Microsoft Windows or OS/2 operating system. A DLL can contain executable code, data, and resources, in any combination.
A dynamic link library (DLL) is a collection of small programs that larger programs can load when needed to complete specific tasks. The small program, called a DLL file, contains instructions that help the larger program handle what may not be a core function of the original program.
File Formats in Memory Forensics
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┌──(kali㉿kali)-[~/…/pecanCTF/FINALS/Forensics]
└─$ unrar x 1267.rar
vol.py -f memory.raw -profile=Win10x64_19041 windows.pslist
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python3 /opt/volatility/vol.py -f ~/Documents/CTF/pecanCTF/memory.raw windows.info
Volatility 3 Framework 2.5.2
Progress: 100.00 PDB scanning finished
Variable Value
Kernel Base 0xf8073a017000
DTB 0x1ad000
Symbols file:///opt/volatility/volatility3/symbols/windows/ntkrnlmp.pdb/68A17FAF3012B7846079AEECDBE0A583-1.json.xz
Is64Bit True
IsPAE False
layer_name 0 WindowsIntel32e
memory_layer 1 FileLayer
KdVersionBlock 0xf8073ac26398
Major/Minor 15.19041
MachineType 34404
KeNumberProcessors 2
SystemTime 2023-04-06 17:25:30
NtSystemRoot C:\Windows
NtProductType NtProductWinNt
NtMajorVersion 10
NtMinorVersion 0
PE MajorOperatingSystemVersion 10
PE MinorOperatingSystemVersion 0
PE Machine 34404
PE TimeDateStamp Wed Jun 28 04:14:26 1995
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python3 /opt/volatility/vol.py -f ~/Documents/CTF/pecanCTF/memory.raw windows.pslist | grep 3340
python3 /opt/volatility/vol.py -f ~/Documents/CTF/pecanCTF/memory.raw windows.pstree
python3 /opt/volatility/vol.py -f ~/Documents/CTF/pecanCTF/memory.raw windows.cmdline.CmdLine
sudo python3 /opt/volatility/vol.py -f ~/Documents/CTF/pecanCTF/memory.raw windows.netscan
connscan/sockscan
cmdscan
registry.userassist
registry.printkey
registry.hivelist
Evtx - Event Viewer
Process ID:
DumpIt is a fast memory acquisition tool for Windows (x86, x64, ARM64). Generate full memory crash dumps of Windows machines.
TabTip.exe** is an executable exe file which belongs to the Touch Keyboard and Handwriting Panel process which comes along with the Tablet PC Input Panel Accessory** Software developed by Microsoft Windows Operating System software developer.
The Service Host (svchost.exe) is a shared-service process that Windows uses to load DLL files. As its name suggests, the Service Host helps host the different files and processes that Windows needs to run efficiently. Services are organized into groups, and each group runs within a separate Service Host process.
Ctfmon.exe, also known as CTF (Collaborative Translation Framework) Loader, is a Microsoft process that always runs in the background. It is used by Microsoft Office to control the Alternative User Input Text Input Processor and the Microsoft Office Language Bar.
SgrmBroker.exeSystem Guard Runtime Monitor Broker is responsible for monitoring and attests to the integrity of the Windows platform
winlogon.exe also known as the Windows Logon Application process, is a key component of the Windows operating system. It manages the user logon and logoff procedures, enforces security policies, and ensures the smooth functioning of your computer. userinit.exe is the file responsible for executing the logon scripts, re-establishing the network connection, and then starting Explorer.exe. Explorer.exe is a vital process in the Windows operating system that provides the graphical user interface and file management functions. It is responsible for displaying the desktop, managing files and folders, launching applications, and handling system notifications
dwm.exe Desktop Window Manager (dwm.exe) composites windows in Windows, allowing for effects like transparency and live taskbar thumbnails.
sihost.exe [Shell Infrastructure Host], in Windows 8 and above, when located in “C:\Windows\System32”, is Microsoft’s Shell Infrastructure Host. It works together with ShellExperienceHost.exe to control the Windows Graphical User Interface (GUI). It appears to depend on the Microsoft Visual C++ Redistributable Packages used by Windows. It handles only certain aspects such as taskbar opacity or transparency, the Start menu, displaying applications in the Windows interface, and changing wallpaper.
WmiPrvSE.exe legitimate and essential component for keeping your computer’s various applications and systems running effectively.
Smss.exe is the file name for the Session Manager Subsystem, a component of Microsoft Windows NT operating systems. It is part of the Windows NT family of operating systems, starting in Windows NT 3.1 in 1993.
MsMpEng.exe - Its role is to scan files for spyware, and quarantine or remove them if they are suspicious. It also scans your laptop or desktop for known worms, harmful software, viruses, and other such programs.
The Windows Console Host, or conhost.exe , is both the server application for all of the Windows Console APIs as well as the classic Windows user interface for working with command-line applications.
The file extension .ps1 is used for PowerShell scripts. A PowerShell script is a text file that contains one or more PowerShell commands. Each command appears on a separate line in the file
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└─$ python3 vol.py -f ~/Desktop/sharedfolder/jerseyctf/living-on-the-edge/living-on-the-edge.vmem -o ~/Desktop/bin windows.memmap --dump --pid 5344
└─$ strings -e l pid.5344.dmp | grep jctf{
https://www.jerseyctf.com/?flag=jctf{3dg3_0f_y0ur_s3at}
https://www.jerseyctf.com/?flag=jctf{3dg3_0f_y0ur_s3at}#Resources
https://www.jerseyctf.com/?flag=jctf{3dg3_0f_y0ur_s3at}
...
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remnux@remnux:/opt/volatility/dump$ file registry.UsrClassdat.0xab0a6570d000.hive
registry.UsrClassdat.0xab0a6570d000.hive: MS Windows registry file, NT/2000 or above
Object Linking and Embedding (OLE)
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.pcapng - wireshack packet
capture foresics
Image Magick
Zbar Image
To analyse and produce outputs for QR codes.
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zbarimg <image.png>
OLE Tools
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olevba <file>.docx
Gimp
How to Analyze Malicious Microsoft Office Files
https://github.com/decalage2/oletools
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┌──(kali㉿kali)-[~/Desktop]
└─$ oleid invitation.docm
XLMMacroDeobfuscator: pywin32 is not installed (only is required if you want to use MS Excel)
oleid 0.60.1 - http://decalage.info/oletools
THIS IS WORK IN PROGRESS - Check updates regularly!
Please report any issue at https://github.com/decalage2/oletools/issues
Filename: invitation.docm
WARNING For now, VBA stomping cannot be detected for files in memory
--------------------+--------------------+----------+--------------------------
Indicator |Value |Risk |Description
--------------------+--------------------+----------+--------------------------
File format |MS Word 2007+ Macro-|info |
|Enabled Document | |
|(.docm) | |
--------------------+--------------------+----------+--------------------------
Container format |OpenXML |info |Container type
--------------------+--------------------+----------+--------------------------
Encrypted |False |none |The file is not encrypted
--------------------+--------------------+----------+--------------------------
VBA Macros |Yes, suspicious |HIGH |This file contains VBA
| | |macros. Suspicious
| | |keywords were found. Use
| | |olevba and mraptor for
| | |more info.
--------------------+--------------------+----------+--------------------------
XLM Macros |No |none |This file does not contain
| | |Excel 4/XLM macros.
--------------------+--------------------+----------+--------------------------
External |0 |none |External relationships
Relationships | | |such as remote templates,
| | |remote OLE objects, etc
--------------------+--------------------+----------+--------------------------
apktool
decompile .dex using the dexdump tool which is provided in android-sdk
zipcrypto
DeepBlueCLI - Command-Line Tool to analyze windows event logs (evtx files)
LogParser - Universal Query Tool
Blockchain
Quickstart — web3.py 6.15.1 documentation
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>>> from web3 import Web3, EthereumTesterProvider
>>> w3 = Web3(EthereumTesterProvider())
>>> w3.is_connected()
True
solc (Solidity Compiler) - ABI Generation
GitHub - 0xIchigo/Ethernaut: Solutions to Ethernaut, OpenZeppelin’s Web3/Solidity based wargame
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In [1]: from web3 import Web3, AsyncWeb3
In [2]: url = 'http://94.237.57.161:31314/'
In [3]: web3 = Web3(Web3.HTTPProvider(url))
In [4]: web3
Out[4]: <web3.main.Web3 at 0x7f771f2dd990>
In [5]: web3.is_connected()
Out[5]: True
In[6]: abi = [
{
"inputs": [],
"stateMutability": "payable",
"type": "constructor"
},
{
"inputs": [],
"name": "TARGET",
"outputs": [
{
"internalType": "contract RussianRoulette",
"name": "",
"type": "address"
}
],
"stateMutability": "view",
"type": "function"
},
{
"inputs": [],
"name": "isSolved",
"outputs": [
{
"internalType": "bool",
"name": "",
"type": "bool"
}
],
"stateMutability": "view",
"type": "function"
},
{
"inputs": [],
"stateMutability": "payable",
"type": "constructor"
},
{
"inputs": [],
"name": "pullTrigger",
"outputs": [
{
"internalType": "string",
"name": "",
"type": "string"
}
],
"stateMutability": "nonpayable",
"type": "function"
}
]
In [7]: sc = '0x0a9E45194F001F9b0b8c92F14B63d48dC37571c0'
In [8]: setup_contract = web3.eth.contract(address=sc, abi=abi)
In [9]: for f in setup_contract.functions:
...: print(f)
...:
TARGET
isSolved
pullTrigger
In [10]: web3.eth.block_number
Out[10]: 1
In [11]: balance = web3.eth.get_balance("0xD906F6268A3661414A8601c21c101b8d1323adD5")
In [12]: print(balance)
5000000000000000000000
In [13]: web3.from_wei(balance, 'ether')
Out[13]: Decimal('5000')
In [14]: setup_contract.functions.TARGET().call()
Out[14]: '0xD16950410fA12Bee8FE5f5cc20D113B29892F34a'
In [16]: target_contract = web3.eth.contract(address='0xD16950410fA12Bee8FE5f5cc20D113B29892F34a', abi=abi)
In [17]: for f in target_contract.functions:
...: print(f)
...:
TARGET
isSolved
pullTrigger
In [19]: target_contract.functions.pullTrigger().call()
Out[19]: 'im SAFU ... for now'
In [21]: setup_contract.functions.isSolved().call()
Out[21]: False
In [23]: balance = web3.eth.get_balance("0xD16950410fA12Bee8FE5f5cc20D113B29892F34a")
In [24]: print(balance)
10000000000000000000
In [25]: web3.from_wei(balance, 'ether')
Out[25]: Decimal('10')
In [26]: ca = '0xD16950410fA12Bee8FE5f5cc20D113B29892F34a'
In [27]: caller = '0xD906F6268A3661414A8601c21c101b8d1323adD5'
In [28]: pk = '0x9a7186e26154fea3976374a87e2b6b6af2c4421399bed492e3983d3a4459bacd'
In [29]: nonce = web3.eth.get_transaction_count(ca)
In [30]: print(nonce)
1
In [37]: web3.eth.chain_id
Out[37]: 31337
In [39]: web3.eth.gas_price
Out[39]: 1000000000
In [48]: tx = {
...: 'nonce': 1,
...: 'to': caller,
...: 'value': web3.to_wei(10, 'ether'),
...: 'gas': 200000,
...: 'gasPrice': web3.eth.gas_price,
...: 'chainId': 31337
...: }
In [49]: signed_tx = web3.eth.account.sign_transaction(tx, pk)
In [50]: tx_hash = web3.eth.send_raw_transaction(signed_tx.rawTransaction)
In [52]: print(tx_hash)
b'^D\xad\x0cxo\xf2\x84\x16\xa2\xe1\xa9\xe2y\x7fhuL\x97\x97\xa7%\x03\xe1;\t#\x93\x1eK\xee&'
Solidity, Blockchain, and Smart Contract Course – Beginner to Expert Python Tutorial
Solidity — Solidity 0.8.28 documentation
Learn Crypto – The Best Crypto Course on the Internet
More about Blockchain incoming!
Game Hacking
Cheat Engine
RPGMakerDecrypter, which is a tool for extracting RPG Maker XP, VX and VX Ace encrypted archives.
Here is my write-up on IronCTF involving Game Hacking.
Android
💡 Blutter is a Flutter Mobile Application Reverse Engineering Tool.
- Apktool – This tool is used for reverse engineering third party, closed, binary Android applications.
- Dex2jar – This widely available tool works with Android .dex and Java .class files, enabling the conversion of one binary format to another.
- JD-GUI – This is a graphic utility tool that stands alone and displays Java sources from .class files.
Here are a few places to get started:
- Android-Exploits - This is an open-source guide on Android exploits and hacks from GitHub user sundaysec, with links to additional resources and tools.
- Hacking Android: 80 Pages of Experts’ Tutorials –You will find code and tutorials on Android security, hacking, and exploits from monthly hacking and cybersecurity magazine Hakin9.
Resources
| [Welcome | OOO archive | DEF CON CTF](https://archive.ooo/) |
picoCTF - CMU Cybersecurity Competition
| [TryHackMe | Cyber Security Training](https://tryhackme.com/) |
Hack The Box: The #1 Cybersecurity Performance Center
Tools
| [Vigenere Solver | guballa.de](https://www.guballa.de/vigenere-solver) |
XXTEA Encrypt & Decrypt - A.Tools
1
2
flow-analyzing tool - tulip, vulnbox, Arkime, and exploit farms DestructiveFarm,
FAST or Ataka.
